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      <image:caption>To implement a multi-tracer approach, it’s essential to know what drives observed fractionation and what the strengths and weaknesses are for each tracer. Here is an example from my PhD work where I studied the influence of silicate mineral formation rates on observed silicon isotope fractionation using highly constrained amorphous silica precipitation batch experiments. This study highlights the role of water–mineral interactions in the timing and extent of silicon isotope fractionation (Fernandez et al., 2019). Through the successful application of a modified numerical reaction network model (CrunchTope), we were able to quantify the depth into the mineral surface where the isotopic record of the mineral growth event is still preserved. Silicon stable isotopes provide information on the transient evolution of secondary silicate formation.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>A combined Ge/Si and Si stable isotope approach is shown here for the same amorphous silica precipitation experiments highlighting the potential of multi-tracer approaches (Fernandez et al., in review). Whereas silicon stable isotopes record principally the transient evolution of amorphous silica growth, Ge/Si adds another dimension by tracking late stage,(near)equilibrium processes. Together, silicon stable isotopes and Ge/Si can give us information on the extent of secondary mineral growth reactions. (Fernandez et al. in review.)</image:caption>
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